HAKIMIYAH
HAKIMIYAH. See Islamic State.
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HAKIM, MUHSIN AL- (1889-1970), most widely followed ShN mujtahid (interpreter of Islamic law) of the 1960s. Sayyid al-Hakim was born in Najaf, Iraq, into the religiously prominent Tabataba’i family of Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, and Pakistan. He was trained in Islamic law and theology in Najaf, studying with Ayatollah Muhammad Kazim Yazdi, Ayatollah Muhammad Husayn Nd’ini,
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HAJJ. Unique among the world’s great pilgrimages, the hajj is in many ways also the most important. Even compared to the ancient and highly developed international pilgrimage systems of Christianity and Hinduism, the hajj is remarkable in its doctrinal centrality, its geographic focus, and its historical continuity. The size and global coverage of the hajj
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HA’IRI YAZDI, `ABD AL-KARIM (1859-1936), the most prominent teacher among the `ulama’ (community of religious scholars) in the city of Qom from 1921 to 1936. He received religious training in Iraq from Mirza Hasan Shirazi (d. 1896), Muhammad al-Fisharaki al-Isfahani (d. 1899), and Mulla Muhammad Kazim Khurasani (d. 1911). He persisted throughout his life in
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HADITH. In Islam hadith is the term applied to specific reports of the prophet Muhammad’s words and deeds as well as those of many of the early Muslims; the word is used both in a collective and in a singular sense. After the Prophet’s death, his companions collected reports of what he had said and
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HADARAH. The classical Arabic word haddrah, which connotes a sedentary lifestyle in either city or countryside, is used as a technical term for “civilization” in modern Middle Eastern societies. It is used in the sense of “sedentary life” by Ibn Manzur (d. AH 711/1312 CE) in his Lisan al-‘Arab and by Ibn Khaldun (d. 8o8/
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BIOGRAPHY AND HAGIOGRAPHY. Religious biography has held great importance in Islamic civilization from the earliest period, when works in various genres enumerated the virtues of the Prophet’s associates, established priority in joining the Muslim community, and traced tribal genealogies and affiliations. Particularly important is the relationship between early biography and the hadith collections. The `ilm
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Haji Bektash Veli or Haji Bektash Wali (Persian: حاجی بکتاش ولی Ḥājī Baktāš Walī; Turkish: Hacı Bektaş Veli) was a Persian mystic, humanist and philosopher from Nishapur in Khorasan, Persia (modern-day Iran). Some sources claim he was of Turkish descent. He lived from approximately 1209-1271 in Anatolia. He was one of the figures who
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