PARTNI UNITED LIBERATION ORGANIZATION. A Muslim separatist organization in Thailand, the Patani United Liberation Organization (PULO) was established in 1968 by Tenku Bira Kotanila, who claimed to speak on behalf of Malay Muslims living in the four southern Thai provinces of Pattani (spelled Patani in Malay), Narathiwat, Yala, and Satun. Its goal is to detach
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PARTAI PERSATUAN PEMBANGUNAN. The only Islamic political party in Indonesia today is the Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (Development Unity Party, abbreviated as Partai Persatuan, PPP, or P3), formed in 1973 through the fusion of the four preexisting Islamic parties: the traditionalist Partai NU (Nahdatul Ulama Party), the modernist Parmusi (Indonesian Muslim Party), and two other minor
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PARTAI ISLAM SE-MALAYSIA. The antecedents of Partai Islam Se-Malaysia, better known by its Malay-Arabic acronym PAS, come from three distinct Malay groups, linked to a certain degree by Islamic concerns and Malay nationalism. In 1950 the leading Malay nationalist party in the country, the United Malays National Organization (UMNO), created a religious wing to satisfy
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Paradise is the term for a place of timeless harmony.The Abrahamic faiths associate paradise with the Garden of Eden, that is, the perfect state of the world prior to the fall from grace, and the perfect state that will be restored in the life after death. PARADISE. See Afterlife Jannah (Arabic: جنّة Jannah) is
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PAN-TURANISM. The nationalist ideology known as Turkism or Pan-Turkism, and also called Pan-Turanism or Turanianism, began to emerge in Turkey during the Young Turk era (1908-1918) as a response to the failure of Ottomanism in the face of other nationalism (Greek, Armenian, Arab) in the Ottoman Empire. Jacob Landau explains, “The guiding objective of this
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PAN-ISLAM. Since about 1878, the European appellation, for the ideology calling all Muslims to unite in support of their faith has been Pan-Islam. As a religious concept, it has existed since the early days of Islam; `ulama’ and fuqaha’ employed it repeatedly to encourage believers to cooperation and solidarity. Their ideal was the universally united
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PAMPHLETS AND TRACTS. Although religious pamphlets and tracts are a worldwide phenomenon in Islam, this article concentrates on their presence in the Arab world. To walk the streets of any city in the Middle East or North Africa is to be confronted by a world of pamphlets and booklets. At the same time, the transnational
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PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION. The recognized representative of the Palestinian people, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was established in 1964 in Jerusalem. Its first leader, the lawyer Ahmad Shuqayri, was a close ally of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, and the PLO was very much under the influence of Egypt during its earliest years. The PLO
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